神经嵴研究的历史（概述）,Cell and Tissue Biology

AbstractThe neural crest has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists and, more recently, clinical specialists, and as a subject of research, it has in recent decades significantly expanded the boundaries of knowledge on the involvement of the neural crest and its cells in the development of human pathology. The neural crest and neural-crest cells are a unique evolutionarily based embryonic structure. Its discovery completely changed the vision of the process of embryogenesis. Knowledge about neural-crest development sheds light on many of the most “well-established” questions in developmental and evolutionary biology. This article discusses the historical stages of the discovery and study of the neural crest and the impact of this discovery on previously established ideas about the specificity of the germ layers and the theory of germ layers, considering the neural crest as the fourth germ layer. The aim of this review consists in a description of the history of the discovery and study of the neural crest and its cells based on analysis of literature data. When writing the article, an analysis was carried out of scientific-literature sources found using the search terms “neural crest,” “neural-crest cells,” “morphology of neural-crest cells,” “germ layers,” and “embryonic development” in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary databases. The depth of the analytical search corresponds to the period of discovery of the neural crest and its first mention as an embryonic morphological structure in the scientific literature. The information that is provided confirms that research scientists and clinical specialists have a great deal of interest in the study of the neural crest and its cells. In recent decades, special attention has been paid to the involvement of neural-crest cells in the formation of somatic pathologies and pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. Literature sources are represented by 169 full-text manuscripts and monographs, mostly in English. The neural crest and its cells are unique evolutionary structures. The patterns of formation and the reasons for the process of migration, differentiation, and interaction of neural-crest cells with other structures in embryogenesis, as well as their potential, which is realized in the postnatal period, continue to be the subject of research at present.